ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To identify predictive markers of the long-term outcome for neo-adjuvant chemotherapy (NC) in locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) treated with intravenous vinorelbine (V) and epirubicin (E) combination regimen.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>One hundred and nineteen patients with LABC were treated from September 2001 to May 2006. All patients were diagnosed as invasive breast cancer by 14G core needle biopsy and treated with three cycles of VE regimen before the operation. The patients were subjected to surgery and subsequently were given other three cycles of VE or cyclophosphamide+epirubicin+fluorouracil (CEF) regimen according to the clinical responses. Local-regional radiotherapy was applied to all patients after the chemotherapy and followed by hormone-therapy according to hormone receptor status. The impact of clinical, pathological, and immunohistochemical features on disease free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) was evaluated.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All patients were evaluable for responses: clinical complete response was documented in 27 patients (22.7%), 78 patients (65.5%) obtained partial clinical response. The pathological complete response was found in 22 cases (18.5%). Of the patients, 115 cases (96.6%) were followed-up for a median time of 63.4 months (range, 9-76 months), the 5-year DFS rate and OS rate was 58.7% and 71.3%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, high pre-Ki-67 (P=0.012) and post-Ki-67 expression (P=0.045), no pathological complete response after NC (P=0.034) were associated with the higher risk of disease relapse; high pre-Ki-67 (P=0.017) and post-Ki-67 expression (P=0.001), negative pre-ER (P=0.002) and no pathological complete response after NC (P=0.034) were associated with a shorter survival.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Pathological response in primary tumor, pre-Ki-67 and post-Ki-67 expression, pre-ER expression are important predictors of long-term outcome for LABC patients with three cycles of VE regimen before operation.</p>
Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols , Therapeutic Uses , Breast Neoplasms , Drug Therapy , Pathology , General Surgery , Chemotherapy, Adjuvant , Epirubicin , Follow-Up Studies , Lymphatic Metastasis , Prognosis , Retrospective Studies , Treatment Outcome , VinblastineABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the expression of ER alpha in chemically induced, ER alpha-negative human breast cancer MDA-MB-435 cells and its restoration of the responsiveness to endocrine therapy.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>MDA-MB-435 cells were treated with HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A(TSA)and DNMT1 inhibitor 5-AZA-CdR (AZA). The mRNA level of ER alpha, PR and PS2 in treated MDA-MB-435 cells was detected by RT-PCR. The WST-8 (water-soluble tetrazolium salt-8) method was used to analyze the proliferation rate of the cells. Xenograft in female nude mice was used to further explore the change of proliferation rate of treated MDA-MB-435 cells in vivo.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>After treatment with AZA and TSA, mRNA expression of ER alpha, PR and pS2 was up-regulated in MDA-MB-435 cells. The mRNA level of ER alpha was the hightest when MDA-MB-435 cells were treated with 2.5 micromol/L AZA and 100 ng/ml TSA. The treated MDA-MB-435 cells showed different proliferation rate in various media containing different concentration of estrodial. The MDA-MB-435 cells showed down-regulated proliferation rate after treatment with the combination of 2.5 micromol/L AZA and 100 ng/ml TSA, and 4-OH tamoxifen could suppress the growth rate of the induced MD-MBA-435 cells but not the untreated cells. The treated MDA-MB-435 cells showed slower proliferation rate than that of untreated cells in vivo (P <0. 01), and the proliferation rate of the treated MDA-MB-435 cells became lower when the nude mice were deprived of estrogen by castration (P <0. 01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>After treatment with TSA and AZA, ER alpha-negative MDA-MB-435 cells can express functional ER alpha and regain responsiveness to estrogen both in vitro and in vivo. HDAC inhibitor and DNMT1 inhibitor may play an important role in restoration of sensitivity of ER alpha-negative breast cancers to endocrine therapy.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Humans , Mice , Azacitidine , Pharmacology , Breast Neoplasms , Genetics , Pathology , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Proliferation , DNA Modification Methylases , Enzyme Inhibitors , Pharmacology , Estrogen Receptor alpha , Genetics , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic , Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors , Hydroxamic Acids , Pharmacology , Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental , Genetics , Pathology , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Mice, Nude , Ovariectomy , RNA, Messenger , Genetics , Receptors, Progesterone , Genetics , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , Trefoil Factor-1 , Tumor Suppressor Proteins , Genetics , Xenograft Model Antitumor AssaysABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the relationship between Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (DARC) and the metastasis potential in human breast cancer. METHODS Breast cancer tissue sections from 75 patients, grouped according to the local lymph node status were examined immunohistochemically for protein level of DARC. Microvessel density (MVD) was counted by endothelial cells immunostained using anti-CD34 antibody.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Strong positive DARC immunostaining in lymph node negative and positive groups was detected in 31 cases (81.6%) and 18 cases (48.6%), respectively (P < 0.01). MVD was (35.67 +/- 17.96)/HP and (53.38 +/- 20.29)/HP in DARC strong positive and less positive cases (P < 0.01). In those patients with lung, bone, hepatic distant metastasis (13 cases), 9 cases (69.2%) were DARC less positive, 4 cases (30.8%) were DARC strong positive. The correlation coefficient was -0.412 between DARC expression and MVD and the corresponding value was -0.346 between DARC expression and lymph node status and -0.333 between DARC expression and distant metastasis in breast cancer.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>DARC may play a negative role in the process of neoangiogenesis, and probably has an association with the lymph node status.</p>
Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Antigens, CD34 , Bone Neoplasms , Metabolism , Breast Neoplasms , Metabolism , Pathology , Down-Regulation , Duffy Blood-Group System , Metabolism , Immunohistochemistry , Liver Neoplasms , Metabolism , Lung Neoplasms , Metabolism , Lymphatic Metastasis , Neovascularization, Pathologic , Metabolism , Pathology , Receptors, Cell Surface , Metabolism , Survival AnalysisABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study effects of estrogen receptor beta (ER beta) on the biological behavior of a human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-435.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Human ER beta cDNA was introduced into MDA-MB-435 cells by stable transfection. Effects of ER beta expression on cell proliferation and invasion were investigated by MTT, flow cytometry and transwell techniques. Cyclin A, cyclin E, cyclin D1, p21, MMPs, Ets-1, VEGF and b-FGF were detected by RT-PCR and/or Western blot or gelatin zymography.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>ER beta was shown to be able to significantly increase the proliferation and invasion of MDA-MB-435 cells in an estradiol-independent manner. The S phase distribution of the cells with ER beta overexpression was 46.8%, significantly higher than that of wild type (29.9%) and mock transfected cells (27.6%) (P = 0.01). In ER beta transfected cells, the expression of p21 decreased by 33.3% at mRNA level (P = 0.03) and by 47.4% at protein level (P = 0.02), respectively. The expression of MMP-9 increased by 91.3% at mRNA level (P < 0.01) and its activity was up-regulated by 67.3% (P = 0.02). Furthermore, the mRNA and protein levels of Ets-1 increased 62.2% (P = 0.01) and 51.0% (P = 0.01), respectively. No significant difference was observed in the mRNA levels of cyclin A, cyclin E, cyclin D1, MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-7, VEGF and b-FGF among these cells.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>ER beta can enhance proliferation and invasion of breast cancer cells. Down-regulation of p21 and up-regulation of MMP-9 and Ets-1 may be involved in its mechanisms.</p>
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Breast Neoplasms , Metabolism , Pathology , Cell Proliferation , Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 , Genetics , DNA, Complementary , Genetics , Estrogen Receptor beta , Genetics , Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 , Genetics , Neoplasm Invasiveness , Proto-Oncogene Protein c-ets-1 , Genetics , RNA, Messenger , Genetics , Transfection , Tumor Cells, CulturedABSTRACT
Purpose:To study the effect of EGCG(extracts fr om green tea) on cell cycle in human breast cancer cell line and its mechanism. Methods:Cell proliferation assay kit was used to produce the dose-response curve. Flow cytometric assay was used to evaluate the cell cycle changes on MDA-MB435 cells with and without EGCG. The expression of protein was detected by Western blot. Results:EGCG could inhibit the proliferation of the breast canc er cells MDA-MB-435, 40 ?g/ml EGCG induced G 0 /G 1 phase arrest and the entrance to S phase. Both mRNA and protein level of p21 waf1/cip1 were up regulated in MDA-MB435 cells when treated by 40?g/ml EGCG. Conclus ions:Green tea can inhibit the growth of human breast cancer cells, perhaps by means of p21 and therefore inhibiting the progression of the cell cycle.